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The Past And Future Of The Orrery August 1 Mike Williams Black Jersey , 2014 | Author: Lila Bryant | Posted in Education
From the beginning of time, human beings have always had a fascination with the solar system. Traditionally, an orrery was a mechanical model including the sun, the earth and its moon. Planets were added as they were discovered. It was used to illustrate the relative positions of all these bodies and how they moved within the solar system.


In earlier times it was believed that the earth was at the center of the solar system and the sun rotated around it. Copernicus challenged this theory and he was later backed up by other astronomers and mathematicians. Galileo used a telescope to examine the skies. He saw the craters of the moon and found that Jupiter had four moons moving around it. His refusal to accept that the sun moved around the earth lead to him being put under house arrest for years.


By the 1700s the theory of a sun-centered solar system had been accepted as the truth. The first modern model with the earth-moon system orbiting the sun was designed by a clockmaker called George Graham only 300 years ago. John Rowley Uchenna Nwosu Black Jersey , an instrument maker gave a copy of this model to his patron, Charles Boyle. It was not long before orreries became popular and they were elaborated to include all known planets and some moons as well.


Today there are even orreries where the movement of planets is represented by humans. There is a permanent one found at the Armagh Observatory, an astronomical research institute in Northern Ireland. An accurate scale model represents the earth, five planets as well as an asteroid and two comets. The orbits are arranged on the ground with the use of stainless steel tiles. People jump from tile to tile with each jump representing a specific time interval.


It is obviously impractical to make orreries to scale. Instead rotation rates are made proportional to actual rates by simplifying calculations with logarithms. The most simple forms of orreries are often used in classrooms by teachers. More complex ones are difficult to construct Derwin James Black Jersey , particularly where moons are included that orbit around the planets as they orbit around the sun.


Today it is possible to access online simulations of orreries. These simulations are often beautiful and it is interesting to watch the different bodies rotating around each other. They are usually very easy to use and can be enjoyed by anybody.


Today highly advanced software applications can be purchased, featuring smooth camera navigation and realistic orbital speeds. One can orbit planets and even land on Mercury, Mars or Venus to explore. All that is needed to use such an application is a device with modern hardware. Interested enthusiasts often experience hours of enjoyment using such applications.


Simple orreries can be very helpful as educational tools. More complex ones are difficult to construct and are still being made by artisans today. Digital applications have made orreries more accessible and they are improving technologically all the time. The fascination of humans with the solar system continues unabated and orreries are like to exist and become more elaborate over time, as our knowledge expands.


You can visit www.orrerystore for more helpful information about The History And Future Of The Orrery.

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LONDON Joey Bosa Black Jersey , Aug. 8 (Xinhua) -- Two-time Olympic champion Barbora Spotakova of Czech Republic lifted her second world javelin throw title here on Tuesday while South African Wayde Van Niekerk was in a class of his own to claim the 400m title.


World and Olympic champion Van Niekerk finished well clear in 43.98 seconds. Steven Gardiner of Bahamas clocks 44.41 for the silver and was followed at heel by Abdalelah Haroun of Qatar in 44.48.


""It is amazing to win the world title. It is a blessing,"" said Van Niekerk. ""I'm used to the lactic (acid in legs) but I need a few minutes to recover from that effort and I'll be fine.


""I've got a good team who will help me recover well for the 200m and I'm looking forward to that.""


Isaac Makwala of Botswana who pulled out of the 200m heats Monday due to what he said was food poisoning did not start for tonight's 400m final.


The women's javelin throw saw a strong surge from seasoned veteran Spotakova, 36, while China reaped two medals through Li Lingwei and Lyu Huihui.


Spotakova Melvin Gordon Black Jersey , last winning the world title in 2007 in Osaka, set the winning mark of 66.76 meters in her second attempt.


""At this stadium, I am unbeatable. There must be something in the air about London. I cannot explain it but when I enter this stadium, I always feel so calm and relaxed. I believed I could really win it today Authentic Craig Mager Jersey , I was so focused and confident,"" said Spotakova who won two Olympic titles in Beijing 2008 and London 2012 and set the still-standing 72.28m world record.


""Whole day I was thinking about my last world title which was ten years ago in Osaka. Actually, it is also almost exacly five years since my Olympic title here in London. These facts made me feel very emotional and I could not believe it has been already such a long time ago. I do not even know if I deserve this title today, it felt so easy Authentic Denzel Perryman Jersey ,"" she said.


China's Li Lingwei, a two-time Asian champion, produced her career best of 66.25 to take the silver while her teammate Lyu Huihui, who set a new Asian record in the qualification of 67.49 on Sunday Authentic Hunter Henry Jersey , could not repeat her strong performance in the final, and settled for the bronze in 65.26.


For Li, 2008 junior world runner-up, the silver medal was a delightful surprise.


""I did well today. This year I have been bothered by injury and loose training Authentic Kyzir White Jersey , so I was not at the height of my fitness tonight,"" said Li, 28. ""I had not expected to win the medal at all.""


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